Arab and Turkish Invasions

Arab and Turkish Invasions

• The first Muslim invaders to attack India? = Arabs.
• The first to refer to Indians as “Hindu” = Arabs.
• The text that describes the Arab invasion of Sindh = Chach Nama.
• The first Muslim invader to attack India (an unsuccessful attempt) = Ubaidullah (711 AD).
• The year the first Muslim invasion of India took place = 712 AD (Battle of Rewar).
• The battle that paved the way for the Arab entry into India = Battle of Rewar.
• The first Muslim invader to attack India (a successful attempt) = Muhammad bin Qasim (712 AD).
• In 712 AD, Muhammad bin Qasim invaded the territory of Dahir, the King of Sindh. The port of Debal in Sindh was attacked by Muhammad bin Qasim.

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• The final place invaded by Muhammad bin Qasim = Multan (Swarnapuri).
• The first to impose the Jizya tax on non-Muslims = Arabs.
• The first Muslim ruler to introduce the “Jizya” tax in India = Muhammad bin Qasim.
• The Muslims who attacked India after the Arabs = Turks.
• The first Turkish ruler to invade India? = Sabuktigin of Ghazni (986 AD).
• Those who introduced the system of slavery in India = Arabs.
• The name given by Arabs and Turks to the invasion of India = Jihad.
• Arab and Turkish Invasions

Mahmud of Ghazni

• Founder of the Ghaznavid dynasty = Alptigin
• Dynasty to which Ghazni and his ancestors belonged = Yamini dynasty.
• Year of Ghazni’s first invasion = 1000 A.D.
• Arab and Turkish Invasions
• Indian king who faced Ghazni’s invasion in 1000 A.D. = Jayapala.
• War fought against Ghazni by the Hindu Shahi king of Punjab, Jayapala = First Battle of Waihind (or Battle of Peshawar) in 1001 A.D.
• Mahmud of Ghazni invaded India 17 times.
• He was defeated twice (during the 11th and 14th invasions, both targeting Kashmir).
• Indian king who defeated Mahmud of Ghazni = The Chandela king Vidyadhara.
• Ghazni’s 16th invasion = Against the Somnath Temple on the Kathiawar coast.
• Ruler of Gujarat at the time of the Somnath Temple invasion = Bhimadeva I.
• For successfully completing the Somnath Temple invasion, the Turkish Caliph praised Ghazni as the “Star of the Islamic World.”
• Mahmud of Ghazni’s 6th invasion = Involved a fierce battle against the Indian king Anandapala (son of Jayapala) in the Waihind region.
• War fought against Ghazni by the Hindu Shahi king of Punjab, Anandapala = Second Battle of Waihind (or Battle of Chach) in 1008 A.D.
• Arab and Turkish Invasions
• Ghazni’s final invasion = Against the Jat people in the Sindh region.
• Reason for Ghazni’s invasion of India = To plunder the wealth of India.
• Ghazni had no desire to annex and rule Indian territories. The only Indian region annexed by Mahmud of Ghazni = Punjab.
• The famous historian who accompanied Mahmud of Ghazni to India = Al-Biruni.
• Author of the book “Kitab-ul-Hind” = Al-Beruni.
• The first Muslim to study the Puranas = Al-Beruni.
• Mahmud of Ghazni’s court poet = Firdausi.
• Author of the famous Persian epic “Shahnama” = Firdausi.
• The world’s longest epic poem = Shahnama.
• The scholar known as the “Homer of the East” = Firdausi.
• Scholars patronized by Mahmud of Ghazni = Firdausi (court poet), Al-Beruni (scholar), Utbi (historian).
• Author of the book “Kitab-i-Yamini” = Utbi.
• Arab and Turkish Invasions

Muhammad Ghori

• Ghori’s real name = Shihab-ud-din / Mu’izz-ud-din Muhammad
• Year of Muhammad Ghori’s first invasion of India = 1175 AD (against Multan)
• City known as the “City of Gold” = Multan
• First Indian king to defeat Muhammad Ghori in 1178 AD = Chalukya King Mularaja II
• Between whom were the First and Second Battles of Tarain fought? = Muhammad Ghori and Prithviraj Chauhan III
• First Battle of Tarain:
  1. 1. Year = 1191 AD
     2. Victor = Prithviraj Chauhan III
• Second Battle of Tarain:
  • 1. Year = 1192 AD
    2. Victor = Muhammad Ghori
• Book recounting the history and love stories of Prithviraj Chauhan III = *Prithviraj Raso*
• Author of *Prithviraj Raso* = Chand Bardai
• Year of the Battle of Chandawar = 1194 AD
• In the Battle of Chandawar, Muhammad Ghori defeated Jayachandra, the King of Kannauj.
• Sufi saint who accompanied Muhammad Ghori to India = Sheikh Moinuddin Chishti
• Muslim ruler who issued coins featuring the image of Goddess Lakshmi = Muhammad Ghori
• After Muhammad Ghori’s death, the person who administered his Indian territories = Qutb-ud-din Aibak (one of Ghori’s three slaves)
• Reason for Muhammad Ghori’s invasion of India = Annexation of Indian territories
• King responsible for establishing Muslim dominance in India = Muhammad Ghori
• King responsible for establishing Muslim rule in India = Muhammad Ghori
• Wars responsible for establishing Turkish rule in India = Battles of Tarain and the Battle of Chandawar The first ruler to establish a Muslim empire in India was Muhammad Ghori.
• Arab and Turkish Invasions
• Bakhtiyar Khilji, one of Ghori’s military commanders, destroyed the world-renowned universities of Nalanda and Vikramshila.
• Arab and Turkish Invasions