6TH HISTORY SOUTH INDIAN KINGDOMS

6TH HISTORY SOUTH INDIAN KINGDOMS

• At the beginning of the seventh century, the Pallavas were ruling South India with Kanchipuram as their capital, contemporary with the Harsha dynasty.
• Most of the central and eastern Deccan were under the Badami (Vatapi) Chalukyas.
• Characteristic feature of Medieval India = Emergence of regional power centers.

The Pallavas

• Capital of Pallavas = Kanchipuram.
• Center of Pallava kingdom was = Thondaimandalam.

Evidences of Pallava rule

• Inscriptions = Mandagapattu Cave, Aihole Inscription of Pulakesin II
• Copper Plates = Kasakudi Plates
• Literature = Mattavilasa Prahasana, Avanthi Sundarakatha, Kalingathu Parani, Periya Puranam, Nandi Kalambagam
• Foreign Notice = Accounts of Chinese traveller Hiuen Tsang.

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Pallava Genealogy (Prominent Kings)

• Early Pallava rulers who were feudatories of = Satavahanas.
• Son of Simvavarman II = Simhavishnu.
• Founder of Pallava Dynasty = Simhavishnu.
• The one who destroyed the Kalabhras and created the Pallava dynasty = Simhavishnu.
• Palalava king who defeated Cheras and Pandyas = Simhavishnu.
• Son of Pallava king Simhavishnu = Mahendravarman I.
• Son of Mahendravarman I = Narasimhavarman I.
• Other important kings of the Pallava dynasty = Narasimhavarman II or Rajasimha and Nandivarman II.
• Last Pallava King = Aparajita.

Mahendravarman

• Mahendravarman reign = 600 – 630 AD.
• Religion followed by Mahendravarman = Jainism.
• Who converted Mahendravarman to Saivism = Appar (Thirunavukkarasar).
• Mahendravarman introduced a new style to Dravidian architecture.
• The style introduced by Mahendravarman is called = Mahendra style.
• A Drama book written by Mahendravarman = MattavilasaPrahasana (The Delight of the Drunkards).
• “MattavilasaPrahasana” means = The Delight of the Drunkards.
• In which language the book MattavilasaPrahasana was written = Sanskrit.
• A book written by Mahendravarman to denigrate Buddhism = MattavilasaPrahasana.
• During the reign of Mahendravarman with whom there was constant war = Pulikesi II, the Western Chalukya king who ruled Badami.
• Who defeated Mahendravarman = Chalukya king Pulikesi II.
• Pulakesin seems to have defeated Mahendravarman in one of the battles and taken over a large part of his territory (Vengi) in the north.

Narasimhavarman I

• Reign of Narasimhavarman I = AD 630 – 668 AD.
• Narasimhavarman I defeated and killed Pulikesin II in battle to avenge his father’s defeat.
• Narasimhavarman I set fire on Vatapi, the capital of Pulikesin II.
• Narasimhavarman I destroyed Vataphi and earned the title “Vataphi Kondan”.

Paranjothi

• General of Narasimhavarman I = Saint Paranjothi.
• How Saint Paranjothi called as = Siruthondar.
• One of the 63 Nayanmars = Saint Paranjothi.
• Paranjoti lead the Palaava army and won the war against Pulikesin II.
• He destroyed the city of Vatapi.
• Periya Puranam is a book which mentions that Paranjothi changed his mind after the victory and became a devotee of Shiva.

Narasimhavarman II

• Reign of Narasimhavarman II = AD 695 – 722.
• Pallava king called as “Rajasimha” = Narasimhavarman II.
• Pallava king who exchanged ambassadors with China = Narasimhavarman II.
• Kailasanatha temple at Kanchipuram was built by Rajasimhan known as Narasimhavarman II.

Titles adopted by Simhavishnu

• Avanisimha

Titles adopted by Mahendravarma I

• Sankirnajati
• Mattavilasa
• Gunabhara
• Chitrakarapuli
• Vichitra Chitta

Titles adopted by Narasimhavarma I

• Mamallan
• Vatapi Kondan

Pallava architecture

• Finest examples of Pallavar architecture = Mamallapuram granite monolithic beach temples, Varaga cave (built in 7th century).
• In which year Mamallapuram Monolithic Temple was added to the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites = 1984.

Classification of Pallava architecture

• Pallava architecture can be classified as
  1. Rock-Cut temples – Mahendravarman style.
  2. Monolithic Rathas and Sculptural Mandapas – Mamallan style.
  3. Structural Temples – Rajasimhan style and Nandivarman style.

Mahendravarman style

• Mahendravarman style temples – “Rock-Cut temples” = Mandagapattu, Mahendravadi, Mamandur, Dalavanur, Tiruchirapalli, Vallam, Tirukazhukkundram and Siyamangalam.

Mamallan Style

• The five rathas (chariots), popularly called Panchapandavar rathas was built by = Narasimhavarma I.
• The five rathas represent the five types of temple building styles.
• Each chariot is made from each individual stone.
• That is why they are called “monolithic”.
• Examples of Mamallan style architecture = Mahishasuramardhini mandapam, Thirumoorthi mandapam and Varaha mandapam.
• The best of Mamallan style architecture = Mahabalipuram Open Art Gallery.
• Notable among the Mahabalipuram sculptures = The fall of the River Ganga from the head of Lord Siva and the Arjuna’s penance.

World’s largest open-air bas relief

• World’s largest open-air bas relief = The Great Penance panel.
• The Great Penance panel is considered to be the world’s largest open-air bas relief.

Rajasimha Style

• Pallava king known as Rajasimha = Narasimhavarman II.
• Rajasimha, also known as Narasimhavarman II, constructed structural temples using stone blocks.
• The person who brought the structured temple system to Tamil Nadu = Rajasimhan.
• A very good example of structural temple art style = Kailasanatha temple at Kanchipuram.
• Kailasanatha temple at Kanchipuram was built by = Rajasimha (Narasimhavarman II).
• A temple built with smooth sand stones = Kailasanatha temple at Kanchipuram.
• Kailasanatha temple at Kanchipuram is called as = Rajasimheswaram.
• Temple known as “Rajasimheswaram” = Kailasanatha temple at Kanchipuram.

Nandivarma Style

• Example of Later Pallava architecture = Nandivarman style temples.
• A very good example of a Nandivarman style temple = Vaikunda Perumal temple at Kanchipuram.
• Vaikunda Perumal temple at Kanchipuram was built by = Nandivarman II.

Society and culture in Pallava period

• Pallava kings supported Buddhism, Jainism and Vedic religion.
• Alvars and Nayanmars worked to strengthen Bhakti Cult.
• Saiva saints in the Pallava period = Appar and Manikkavasakar.
• Vaishnava saints in the Pallava period = Nammazhvar and Andal.
• They used the Tamil language to preach Bhakti.
• Women participated in religious meetings.
• The Tamil devotional cult was competitive with Buddhism and Jainism.
• Jain and Buddhist movements began to decline from Tamil Nadu as the Tamil Bhakti worship movement began to develop.

Education and Literature in Pallava Period

• Gained fame during the Pallava period = Gatika(monastery or centre of learning).
• Book written by “Vatsyaya” = Nyayabhasya.
• Author of Nyayabhashya = Vatsyaya.
• Vatsyaya who wrote Nyaya Bhashya was a teacher at Kanchi (Gatika).
• A treatise on South Indian paintings compiled during the reign of Mahendravarman I. it was called as “Dakshin Chitram”.
• Compiler of “Dakshina Chitra” (Paintings of South India), a treatise on South Indian Paintings = Mahendravarman I.
• A Sanskrit scholar who decorated the court of Narasimhavarman I = Dandin.
• Author of “Dasakumara Charita” = Dandin.
• A Sanskrit scholar lived in the time of Simhavishnu = Bharavi.
• Book written by Bharavi = Kiratarjuniya.
• Kiratarjuniya = an epic in verses.
• Tamil religious literature written during Pallava period = Thevaram composed by Nayanmars and Nalayradivyaprabantham composed by Azhwars.
• Perundevanar, who was patronized by Nandivarman II.
• Perundevanar, who was patronized by Nandivarman II translated the Mahabharata into Tamil as “Bharathavenpa”.

Pallava Art

• Music inscription related to Pallava period is = Kudumianmalai, Tirumayam.
• Inscriptions that show the interest of the Pallavas in music = Kudumianmalai, Thirumayam inscriptions.
• Rudracharya was a famous musician who lived during the reign of Mahendravarman I.
• During which reign were the sculptures depicts many images in a dancing style = during the Pallalvaperiod.

The Chalukyas

• The Chalukyas ruled the region in central and western South India that included Marathas.
• Capital of Chalukyas = Vatabi (Badami).
• There were distinct but closely related and independent Chalukya dynasties.

1. 1. 1. Chalukyas of Badami
      2. Chalukyas of Vengi (Eastern Chalukyas)
      3. Chalukyas of Kalyani (Western Chalukyas).

Inscriptions related to Chalukyas

• Badami Cave Inscription of Mangalesha
• Kanchi Kailasanatha Temple Inscription
• Pattadakal Virupaksha Temple Inscription
• Aihole Inscription of Pulakesin II

Foreign Notice

• Accounts of Chinese traveller Hiuen Tsang.

The Chalukyas of Vatapi

• Whowas the founder of the Chalukya dynasty = Pulikesin I.
• Pulakesin I, a petty chieftain of Pattadakal in the Bijapur district, took and fortified the hill fort of Vatapi around 543 AD (CE).
• Son of Pulikesin I = Kirthivarman I.
• Reign of Kirtivarman I = AD 566 – 597.
• Vadabi Chalukya’s greatest king = Pulikesin II.
• Reign of Pulikesin II = AD From 610 – 642.
• The most powerful king of Vatapi Chalukya dynasty = Pulikesin II.
• The king who sent the delegation to the court of Pulikesin II = Persian (Iranian) King Khusru II.
• Chalukya king who defeated Harsha = Pulikesin II.
• Pulikesin II defeated Harshara on the banks of river Narmada.
• According to an agreed understanding Narmada river was fixed as the boundary between the two.
• Pulikesin II conquered Vengi kingdom in = 624 AD.
• To whom Pulikesi II gave the kingdom of Vengi = to his brother Vishnuvardhana.
• The founder of the Eastern Chalukya dynasty = Vishnuvardhan.
• First Eastern Chalukya King = Vishnuvardhan.
• AD During 641 – 647 Pallavas raided the Deccan and captured “Vatapi”.
• When did the Chalukyas recover “Vataphi” from the Pallavas = 655 AD.
• Chalukya king who conquered Kanchipuram = Vikramaditya II.
• Rashtrakuta king who defeated Kirtivarman II = Dantidurga.
• Founder of Rashtrakuta Dynasty = Dantidurga.

Western Chalukyas of Kalyani

• Western Chalukyas of Kalyani were descendants of = Vatabi Chalukyas.
• Capital of Western Chalukyas = Kalyani (present day Basava Kalyan).
• Chalukya king who defeated Malwa king Parmara and captured Kalyani = Tailapa II.
• The king who moved the capital from Manyakheta to Kalyani= Somesvara I.
• Empires that fought for more than a century to conquer the rich Vengi region = Tanjore Cholas and Upper Chalukyas.
• For over a century, the two empires of southern India, the Western Chalukyas and the Chola dynasty of Thanjavur, fought many fierce battles to control the fertile region of Vengi.
• During the reign of which Kalyani Chalukya king most of South India was comes under Chalukyas = Vikramaditya VI.

Art Architecture of Chalukyas

• The Chalukyas promoted both Saivism and Vaishnavism.
• During whose reign “Vesara style” temple vimanas developed = Chalukyas.
• Which construction method developed during the Chalukya period = Vesara style temple vimanas.
• Chalukyas = Chalukyas developed the technology of art of stone building without mortar.
• Chalukyas used smooth sandstone in construction.
• Chalukyas built a number of rock-cut cave-temples and structural temples dedicated to Siva, Vishnu and Brahma.
• Place where Chalukyas built temples = Aihole, Vadabi, Pattakkal.
• Stone built temples = Badami Vishnu Temple, Aihole Vishnu Temple and Pattadakal Virupaksha Temple.
• The king who built Badami Vishnu temple = Chalukya king Mangalesan.
• Compiler of the Aihole inscription = Vikramatitha II.
• Famous among the Badami cave temples = the sculpture of Vishnu reclining on Seshanag.
• Temples built by the Western Chalukyas of Kalyani = The Kasi Vishweshvara Temple at Lakkundi, the Mallikarjuna Temple at Kuruvatti, the Kalleshwara Temple at Bagali and the Mahadeva Temple at Itagi.

Chalukya paintings

• The style of painting followed by the Chalukyas = Vagataka style.
• The reception given to the Persian embassy by Pulakesin II is depicted in a painting at Ajanta.

Aihole Inscription

• Place of Aihole Inscription = Meguti Temple in Aihole (Bagalkot district, Karnataka).
• Author of Aihole Inscription = Ravikirti, the court poet of Pulikesin II.
• In which language Aihole inscription was written = Sanskrit language.
• Inscription mentioning the defeat of Harshavardhana by Pulikesin II = Aihole Inscription.

Pattadakal (UNESCO World Heritage Site)

• Pattadakal is a UNESCO World Heritage Site
• Pattadakal = A small village in Bagalkot district of Karnataka.
• Number of temples in Pattadakal = 10.
• In Pattadakal, the number of temples in North Indian “Nagara” style = four.
• In Pattadakal, the number of temples in South Indian “Dravidian” style = six.
• Temples in Dravidian style = Virupaksha Temple and Sangameshwara Temple.
• Nagara Style Temple = Pappanatha Temple.
• The Virupaksha temple is built on the model of Kanchi Kailasanatha temple. Sculptors brought from Kanchi were employed in its construction.
• A temple built on the basis of Kanchi Kailasanatha Temple = Pattadakal Virupaksha Temple.

Vesara style architecture

• The Vesara style of architecture is a combination of the “Dravidian” style of South India and the “Nagara” style of North India.

The Rashtrakutas

• The Rashtrakutas ruled the Deccan region from the 8th to the 10th century.
• Mother tongue of Rashtrakudas = Kannada.
• Founder of Rashtrakuta Dynasty = Dantidurga.
• The one who consolidated and expanded the Rashtrakuda kingdom = Krishna I.
• The builder of the world famous Ellora Kailasanatha Temple = Rashtrakuda King Krishna I.

Rashtrakuta Kings

• The greatest of the Rastrakuda kings = Amogavarsha.
• Where Amogavarsha built his new capital = Manyakheta (now Malkhed in Karnataka)
• Port of Rastrakudas = Broach.
• Amogavarsha reign = AD 814 – 878.
• Who converted Amogavarsha to Jainism = Jain saint Jinasena.
• Amogavarsha’s son = Krishna II.
• Chola king who defeated Krishna II = Parantaka Chola.
• Where Parantaka Chola defeated the Rastrakuda king Krishna II = Vallam (present day Tiruvallam in Vellore district) in 916 AD.
• In 916 AD, Krishna II was defeated by Parantaka Chola in the Battle of Vallam.
• Last able king of Rastrakuda dynasty = Krishna III.
• In which battle Krishna III defeated the Cholas = Takkolam (Vellore district).
• Rashtrakuda king who defeated the Cholas in the Takkolam battle = Krishna III.
• Who build the “Krishneswarar” temple at Rameswaram = Krishna III.
• The last great king of the Rastrakuda dynasty = Govinda III.

Contribution of Rashtrakutas to literature

• Mother tongue of Rastrakudas = Kannada.
• The first poetic work in Kannada Language = Kavirajamarga.
• Author of Kavirajamarka = Amogavarsha.
• Three jewels of Kannada literature = Pampa, Sri Ponna and Ranna.
• Books of Adikavi Pampa = Adipurana and Vikramarjunavijaya.
• The book describing the life of the first Jain Tirthankar “Rishabadeva” =
• In Vikramarjunavijaya Pampa’s patron, Chalukya Arikesari, is identified with Arjuna, epic hero of Mahabharatha.

Ellora Kailasanatha Temple

• Ellora Kailasanathar Temple Located at = Near Aurangabad, Maharashtra.
• Number of temples carved at Ellora = thirty.
• One of the best of Thirty Temples = Ellora Kailasanatha Temple.
• Who build the Ellora Kailasanath Temple = Rashtrakuda King Krishna I.
• Area of Ellora Kailasanathar Temple = 60,000 Sq.ft.
• Ellora Kailasanathar Temple Tower Height = 90 feet.
• This temple has resemblance to the shore temple at Mamallapuram.
• The Kailasanatha temple portrays typical Dravidian features.

Elephanta Island

• Real name of Elephanta Island = Sripuri.
• How Elephanta Island is called by the local people of the island = Gharapuri.
• Where is Elephanta Island located = Island near Mumbai in Maharashtra.
• Named Elephanta Island by = Portuguese.
• Deity in Elephanta Island = Shiva.
• Elephanta Cave has a “Trimurthy” (three-faced) idol of Lord Shiva.
• The statue of Dwarpalakas at the entrance of the temple is eye-catching.

Pattadakal

• Who builds the Pattadakal “Jain Narayana temple” = Rashtrakutas.
• Who builds the famous Pattadakal “Kasi Vishwesvara Temple” = Rashtrakutas.

Additional information

• Eastern Chalukyas = Vengi Chalukyas.
• Western Chalukyas = Kalyani Chalukyas.
• Who built the Kanchipuram Kailasanath Temple = Pallava King Rajasimha (Narasimhavarman II).
• Who built the Ellora Kailasanath Temple = Rashtrakuda King Krishna I.

 

 

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